The Politics of Development in Sarawak

Faisal S. Hazis (Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, ahfaisal@fss.unimas.my)

Abstract


Prior to the formation of Malaysia, Sarawak was a poor state with scarce physical infrastructure and slow economic growth. The Malayan leaders took advantage of this appalling condition by offering various development promises as an inducement for Sarawak to help form Malaysia. Development, therefore, became a ‘commodity’ which the state, as the ‘producer’, traded with the people of Sarawak in return for their support towards the formation of the new state. The politicisation of development has persisted in post-Independence Sarawak and becomes especially rampant during the present state leadership. This article dissects the state’s practice of politicising development by looking at the negeri government’s expenditure on minor rural projects and the practice of electoral patronage espoused by the ruling party from 1970 to 2006. Unlike the existing literature, this article analyses the ruling party’s strategy of electoral patronage by dividing it into four separate forms, namely promises of new development projects, issuance of financial grants and other ‘goodies’, opening ceremonies of completed projects, and ground-breaking ceremonies of new projects. It is argued that development has been exploited by the state as a tool of domination, thus hampering the growth of democracy and economic parity. As a result, the electoral domination of the ruling party, Barisan Nasional, has persisted in Sarawak including in the most recent 2008 election. To conclude, this article will discuss the future of the politics of development in Sarawak and its impact on the electorate and the ruling party.

Keywords: Domination, developmentalist state, electoral patronage, politics of development, elections

ABSTRAK

Di ambang pembentukan Malaysia, Sarawak adalah sebuah negeri miskin yang mempunyai kemudahan infrastruktur yang terhad dan pertumbuhan ekonomi yang perlahan. Pemimpin Tanah Melayu mengambil kesempatan terhadap kepincangan ini dengan menawarkan pelbagai janji pembangunan sebagai tarikan kepada Sarawak untuk membentuk Malaysia. Pembangunan, dalam konteks ini, menjadi ‘komoditi’ yang negara sebagai ‘pengeluar’ mendagangkannya kepada masyarakat Sarawak sebagai balasan sokongan mereka kepada pembentukan negara baru ini. Tren mempolitikkan pembangunan berterusan dalam era pasca kemerdekaan Sarawak dan menjadi semakin berleluasa dalam era pemerintahan masa kini. Artikel ini mengupas amalan negara mempolitikkan pembangunan dengan menganalisis perbelanjaan kerajaan negeri dalam projek luar bandar dan amalan penaungan pilihan raya yang didukung oleh parti pemerintah sejak tahun 1970 hingga 2006. Berbeza dengan penulisan lain, artikel ini mengupas secara terperinci strategi penaungan pilihan raya yang diamalkan oleh parti pemerintah dengan membahagikannya kepada empat bentuk yang berbeza, iaitu janji-janji projek pembangunan baru, pemberian geran kewangan dan imbuhan lain, perasmian projek pembangunan yang telah siap, dan upacara pecah tanah projek baru. Adalah dihujahkan bahawa pembangunan telah dieksploitasi negara sebagai alat dominasi yang akhirnya menghambat pencambahan demokrasi dan kesaksamaan ekonomi. Akibatnya, dominasi pilihan raya parti pemerintah, Barisan Nasional, berterusan di Sarawak termasuklah dalam pilihan raya 2008 baru-baru ini. Sebagai kesimpulan, makalah ini akan membincangkan masa depan politik pembangunan di Sarawak dan impaknya terhadap pengundi dan juga parti pemerintah.

Kata kunci: Dominasi, negara pembangunan, penaungan pilihan raya, politik pembangunan, pilihan raya


Full Text:

PDF

References


Abang Yusuf Puteh. 1999. Malay Politics and Perabangan. Kuching: Shobra Publications Sdn. Bhd.

Abdul Rahman Embong. 2008. Developmentalist State in Malaysia: Its Origins, Nature and Contemporary Transformation. In Globalization and National Autonomy: The Experience of Malaysia, Nelson, J.M., Meerman, J. & Abdul Rahman Embong (eds.). Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies Singapore.

Aeria, A. 1997. The Politics of Development and the 1996 Sarawak State Elections. In Sabah and Sarawak: The Politics of Development and Federalism, Francis Loh Kok Wah (eds.). Penang: Universiti Sains Malaysia.

Aeria, A. 2005. Sarawak: State Elections and Political Patronage. In Elections and Democracy in Malaysia, Puthucheary, M. & Noraini Othman (eds.). Bangi: Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.

Alli Kawi. 1988. It Has Been Worth the Pain. Kuching: Sarawak Publishing House.

Berma, M. 2003. Towards the National Vision Policy: Review of the New Economic Policy and New Development Policy among the Bumiputera Communities in Sarawak. In The Bumiputera Policy: Dynamics and Dilemma, Richard Mason & Ariffin Omar (eds.). Penang: Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia.

Cramb, R.A. & Dixon, G. 1988. Development in Sarawak: An Overview. In Development in Sarawak: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives, Cramb, R.A. & Reece R.H.W. (eds.). Victoria: Centre of Southeast Asian Studies, Monash University.

Department of Statistics Malaysia. 1981. 1995. 2003. Yearbook of Statistics Malaysia 1981. Kuala Lumpur: Department of Statistics Malaysia.

Department of Statistics Malaysia, Sarawak. 1965. 1967. 1971. 1973. 1977. 1981. 1984. 1985. 1988. 1991. 1993. 1994.1996. 1997. 2000. 2001. 2003. 2004. 2005. Annual Statistical Bulletin Sarawak 1964. Kuching: Department of Statistics Malaysia.

Faaland, J. 2005. Dasar Ekonomi Baru: Pertumbuhan Negara dan Pencapaian Ekonomi Orang Melayu. Kuala Lumpur: Utusan Publications & Distributors Sdn. Bhd.

Gomez, E.T. & Jomo, K.S. 2001. Malaysia’s Political Economy: Politics, Patronage and Profits. Singapore: Cambridge University Press.

Hafsah Harun. 2007. Discussion on Sarawak politics in the 1980s. (Personal communication).

Hamid Bugo. 1988. Economic Development since Independence: Performance and Prospects. In Development in Sarawak: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives, Cramb, R.A. & Reece, R.H.W. (eds.). Victoria: Centre of Southeast Asian Studies, Monash University.

Ho Ah Chon. 1991. The Formation of the Federation of Malaysia. Kuching: See Hua Daily News.

Leigh, M. 1979. Is There Development in Sarawak? Political Goals and Practice. In Issues in Malaysian Development, Jackson, J.C. & Rudner, M. (eds.). Kuala Lumpur: Asian Studies Association of Australia.

Leigh, M. 1980. Sarawak at the Polls. In Malaysian Politics and the 1978 Election, Crouch, H., Lee Kam Hing & Ong, M. (eds.). Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.

Leigh, M. 1991. Money Politics and Dayak Nationalism: The 1987 Sarawak State Election. In Images of Malaysia, Muhammad Ikmal Said & Johan Saravanamuttu (eds.). Kuala Lumpur: Persatuan Sains Sosial Malaysia.

Malaysia. 1965. First Malaysia Plan, 1965-1970. Kuala Lumpur: Government Printer.

Malaysia. 1971. Second Malaysia Plan, 1971-1975. Kuala Lumpur: Government Printer.

Malaysia. 1976. Third Malaysia Plan, 1976-1980. Kuala Lumpur: Government Printer.

Malaysia. 1986. Fifth Malaysia Plan, 1986-1990. Kuala Lumpur: Government Printer.

Malaysia. 1991. Second Outline Perspective Plan, 1996-2000. Kuala Lumpur: Government Printer.

Malaysia. 1996. Seventh Malaysia Plan, 1996-2000. Kuala Lumpur: Government Printer.

Malaysia. 2001. Eighth Malaysia Plan, 2001-2005. Kuala Lumpur: Government Printer.

Malaysia. 2006. Ninth Malaysia Plan, 2006-2010. Putrajaya: Government Printer.

Mason, R. & Jawan, J. 2003. The Bumiputera Policy and Dayakism: An Interpretation. In The Bumiputera Policy: Dynamics and Dilemmas, Mason, R. & Ariffin Omar (eds.). Penang: Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia.

Ooi Keat Gin. 1997. Of Free Trade and Native Interests: The Brookes and the Economic Development of Sarawak, 1841-1941. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.

Ragayah Haji Mat Zin. 2008. Addressing Socio-Economic Inequalities: Trends in Income Distribution. Paper presented at the MTR of 9MP Open Forum, organised by Wawasan Open University, 24 April 2008, Kuala Lumpur.

Tunku Abdul Rahman. 1977. Looking Back. Kuala Lumpur: Pustaka Antara.

Wee Chong Hui. 1995. Sabah and Sarawak in the Malaysia Economy. Kuala Lumpur: S. Abdul Majeed & Co.


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


ISSN: 0126-5008

eISSN: 0126-8694