Framing of the 2008 Malaysian General Election Results by the English Language Press

Chai Ming Hock (Universiti Sains Malaysia, ming@usm.my), Adnan Hussein (Universiti Sains Malaysia, adnan@usm.my)

Abstract


Various observers heralded the 2008 Malaysian General Election as the ‘political tsunami’. The ruling coalition Barisan Nasional (BN) lost the symbolic two-third control of the Parliament. The Opposition collectively controls the state legislature of five states. In the past, general elections in Malaysia have become a predictable affair with the BN’s greater access to the media, money and governmental machinery. With the glowing pre-election coverage on the ruling coalition by the press, how then does the press make sense of the election result – devastating for the ruling coalition by Malaysian standard? How would the print media response and interpret such unexpected result? This article explores media framing of the results, factors and the meaning of it in Malaysian political landscape. This study is important because mass media plays an important role in setting frames of reference that readers use to interpret events or issues. This article explores the framing of the 2008 Malaysian General Election results by the English language press. Data collection focused on three Malaysian English language newspapers with analysis on the news and commentaries including news stories and features, editorials and letters to the editor, from the Election Day on 8th March to the formation of the new Malaysian Cabinet.

Keywords: Malaysia, General Election, 2008, English language newspapers, framing

ABSTRAK

Keputusan Pilihan Raya Umum 2008 telah digelar sebagai ‘tsunami politik’ oleh pelbagai pihak. Dalam pilihan raya tersebut Barisan Nasional (BN) telah kehilangan majoriti simbolik dua-pertiga Parlimen. Dalam pada itu, parti-parti pembangkang secara kolektifnya berjaya mengawal dewan undangan negeri di lima buah negeri. Pada masa lalu, pilihan raya di Malaysia menjadi satu urusan yang terjangka dengan adanya capaian mudah BN kepada media, wang dan jentera kerajaan. Media cetak Malaysia memberi liputan positif dan menyeluruh kepada Barisan Nasional dalam tempoh sebelum hari mengundi. Bagaimana pula media cetak menjelaskan dan mentafsir keputusan pilihan raya yang tidak terjangka ini – teruk kepada BN mengikut piawaian politik Malaysia? Makalah ini membincangkan bagaimana media membingkaikan keputusan pilihan raya, faktor yang membawa kepada keputusan tersebut, serta mencari makna kepada persekitaran politik Malaysia. Kajian ini penting kerana media massa memainkan peranan penting dalam menentukan kerangka rujukan yang digunakan oleh pembaca untuk menafsirkan sesuatu kejadian atau isu. Makalah ini membincang pembingkaian keputusan Pilihan Raya Umum 2008 oleh akhbar bahasa Inggeris. Kutipan data melibatkan tiga akhbar bahasa Inggeris di Malaysia dengan analisis ke atas berita dan komentar, termasuk berita, rencana, lidah pengarang dan surat kepada editor dari hari mengundi pada 8hb Mac sehingga kepada hari pembentukan Kabinet baru Malaysia.

Kata kunci: Malaysia, Pilihan Raya Umum, 2008, akhbar bahasa Inggeris, pembingkaian


Full Text:

PDF

References


Adnan Hussein & Chai Ming Hock. 2008. Rhetoric, Predictions and The March 8 Political Tsunami. Paper presented in theSixth International Malaysian Studies Conference (MSC6) held at Kuching, Malaysia on 5-7 August 2008.

Ahmad Fairuz Othman. 2008. Stop the blame game, says Johari. New Straits Times, 11 March: 12.

Anis Ibrahim, Ahmad Fairus Othman, Hamidah Atan & Deborah Loh. 2008. Shahidan, Isa tussle over MB post. New Straits Times 15 March: 4.

Carvalho, Martin. 2008. CM: Projects may be disrupted. The Star, 12 March: N12.

Centre for Independent Journalism. 2008. Media Independence Survey 2008. Kuala Lumpur: Centre for Independent Journalism.

Chandra Muzaffar. 2008. The polls – and the BN decable. The Star, 17 March: N18, N20.

Chin, C. 2008. Koh offers to step down. The Star, 10 March: N3.

Chok Suat Ling. 2008b. Grim outlook for Barisan allies. New Straits Times, 10 March: 10.

Fernandez, T. 2008. All’s not OK in developed state. The Sun, 9 March: 8.

Fernandez, T. 2008b. KL goes to the Opposition. The Sun, 10 March: 5.

Goh Ban Lee. 2008. It was a typhoon in Penang. The Sun, 10 March: 6.

Hilley, J. 2001. Malaysia: Mahathirism, Hegemony and the New Opposition. New York: Zed Books.

Husna Yusop. 2008. Time for BN to wake up: Ku Li. The Sun, 10 March: 4.

Johan Jaaffar. 2008. The drubbing, the shock and the aftermath. New Straits Times, 15 March: 25.

Karim Raslan. 2008. When voters show who’s the real boss. The Star, 12 March: N27.

Karim Raslan. 2008b. UMNO needs to get back to the people. The Star, 17 March: N22.

Kee Thuan Chye. 2008. The Leash May Be Loosened, But the Noose Remains. In March 8: The Day Malaysia Woke Up. Kee Thuan Chye (ed.). Shah Alam: Marshall Cavendish Editions.

Keng Yaik: 2008. Address crux of dissatisfaction. New Straits Times, 11 March: 12.

Kit Siang: 2008. It’s a great victory for all. The Star, 10 March: N8.

Koh Lay Chin. 2008. Was this the election made on the internet? New Straits Times, 12 March: 25.

Kuppusamy, B. 2008. MIC in shambles with no leader in the wings. The Star, 9 March: N24.

Kuppusamy, B. 2008b. It’s best for Samy to do a Koh. The Star, 11 March: N16.

Lau, K. 2008. E-campaign worked for Opposition. The Sun, 10 March: 12.

Lee Siew Lian. 2008. Cyberspace is now the new frontline. New Straits Times, 12 March: 25.

Masilamany, J. 2008. Shocking defeat for veteran ministers. The Sun, 9 March: 8.

Mohd Azizuddin Mohd Sani. 2009. The Emergence of New Politics in Malaysia: From Consociational to Deliberative Democracy. Taiwan Journal of Democracy 5(2): 97- 125.

Mohd Safar Hasim. 1996. Akhbar dan Kuasa: Perkembangan Sistem Akhbar di Malaysia Sejak 1806. Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit Universiti Malaya.

Mustafa Kamal Anuar. 2000. Malaysian Media and Democracy. Media Asia 27(4): 183-199.

Mustafa Kamal Anuar. 2002. Defining Democratic Discourse: The Mainstream Press, In Democracy in Malaysia: Discourses and Practices. Francis Loh Kok Wah & Khoo Boo Teik (eds.) Surrey: Curzon Press.

New Straits Times. 2008. Begin process of restoring BN now, says Razaleigh, 10 March: 6.

New Straits Times. Chinese vent their frustration, 9 March: 8.

News Straits Times. Internet served a painful lesson, 26. March: 2.

News Straits Times. Kayveas blames two BN parties, 13. March: 8.

News Straits Times. No signs of delay in mega projects, 14. March: 12.

News Straits Times. Ong: We’ll continue to work for Chinese. 10 March: 8.

News Straits Times. 2008. Opposition areas ‘will not be left out’, 13 March: 13.

News Straits Times. PM: We will implement projects smoothly, 15: March 2.

News Straits Times. Reps to meet regency council, 15 March: 11.

News Straits Times. Barisan Nasional holds on to seven states, 9: March 2.

News Straits Times. Major projects won’t be affected, 9 March:5.

News Straits Times. March 8 – a day of reckoning for BN leaders, 10 March: 22.

News Straits Times. The electorate has spoken, 9 March: 2.

Ng Kee Seng & Giam Say Khoon. 2008. Why MCA, Gerakan fared poorly. The Sun, 10 March: 8.

Ng, E. 2008. Done in by too many new faces? New Straits Times, 10 March: 17.

Nurris Ishak. 2008. Is there room for strange bedfellows? New Sunday Times, 16 March: 31.

Pandiyan, M.V. 2008. Adapt to seismic change. The Star, 13 March: N51, N52.

Puah, Pauline. 2008. Malays join others in moving away from racial politics. The Sun, 11 March: 5.

Ramachandran, Sonia & Audrey Vijaindren. 2008. Cyber clout. New Straits Times, 16 March: 29, 30.

Ritikos, J. 2008. Examine losses, says Dr M. The Star, 10 March: N12.

Rosli Zakaria. 2008. Internal woes almost cost BN dearly. New Straits Times, 10 March: 19.

Rosli Zakaria. 2008b. Who will fill Idris’ shoes as Terengganu MB? New Straits Times, 15 March: 13.

Samy, F. A. 2008. A more heated Parliament with bigger Opposition. The Star, 10 March: N10.

Selvarani, P. & Tan Choe Choe. 2008. Surveys predicted winds of change. New Sunday Times, 16 March: 23.

Shad Saleem Faruqi. 2008. A watershed election. The Star, 10 March: N26.

Shahanaaz Habib. 2008. Nazri: We may see end of NEP. The Star, 14 March: N6.

Shahidan believes Radzi and Azmi behind it. 2008. The Star, 15 March: N4.

Shahrir: Defeats sign of maturity. 2008. New Straits Times, 11 March: 4.

Shamsul Akmar. 2008. Back to the drawing board. The Star, 11 March: N13.

Sharanjit Singh & Audrey Dermawan. 2008. ‘Penang needs these mega projects’. New Straits Times, 15 March: 8.

Sharanjit Singh & Audrey Dermawan & Marina Emmanuel. 2008. BN loss in Penang not unexpected. New Sunday Times, 9 March: 4.

Sim Leoi Leoi & Rapheal Wong. 2008. Sack bad advisers, PM urged. The Star, 11 March: N15.

Simon, Alina, et al. 2008. PAS retains Kelantan again. New Sunday Times, 9 March: 7.

Simon, Alina, et al. 2008. Revered Tok Guru a conscious choice. New Straits Times, 10 March: 23.

Syed Nadzri Syed Harun. 2008. Polarised Dewan Rakyat an unfortunate outcome. New Straits Times, 10 March: 6.

Tan Siok Choo. 2008d. A victory for voters. The Sun, 10 March: 16.

Tan, J. 2008. Results leave Penang in a daze. The Star, 9 March: N10.

Tan, J. 2008b. The swing that caught everyone by surprise. The Star, 10 March: N11.

Tan, R. 2008c. Polls show democracy is very much alive. New Straits Times, 13 March: 24.

The Star. 2008. Barisan can form the next govt. 9 March: N4.

The Star. 2008. ‘Tidal wave came from west coast’. 10 March: N31.

The Star. 2008. Almost a clean sweep, 9 March: N19.

The Star. 2008. Barisan routed as Penang falls, 9 March: N3.

The Star. 2008. Barisan to conduct post-mortem, 11 March: N20.

The Star. 2008. EC announces simple majority for BN, 9 March: N4.

The Star. 2008. Hadi issues warning, 10 March: N32.

The Star. 2008. It's times BN adopts single party system, 12 March: N8.

The Star. 2008. Ka Chuan thanks voters, sad for defeated mates, 9 March: N8.

The Star. 2008. Ka Ting: MCA accepts people's decision, 9 March: N8.

The Star. 2008. Keep all mega projects, 15 March: N12.

The Star. 2008. Koh saddened by shock losses, 9 March: N4.

The Star. 2008. MCA to study heavy losses. 10 March: N8.

The Star. 2008. Moment of truth for Perak, 10 March: N6.

The Star. 2008. Nik Aziz likens big win to a tsunami, 9 March: N14.

The Star. 2008. Not a happy birthday for Samy, 9 March: N8.

The Star. 2008. Opposition MPs 'rule' FT. 2008, 9 March: N8.

The Star. 2008. Pak Lah to stay, 10 March: N8.

The Star. 2008. People have voted for change, says Anwar, 9 March: N21.

The Star. 2008. PM shares views on outcome, 15 March: N3.

The Star. 2008. Political tsunami, 9 March: N1.

The Star. 2008. Ruler picks Md Isa as MB, 15 March: N4.

The Star. 2008. Split in opposition backfires, 10 March: N33.

The Star. 2008. Barisan reels from worst-ever election performance, 9 March: N3.

The Sun. 2008. BN’s worst defeat, 9 March: 3.

The Sun. 2008. Historic day for democracy, 10 March: 16.

The Sun. 2008. UMNO: Stop funding mega projects, 14 March: 4.

Weiss, M.L. 2008. Malaysia’s 12th General Election: Causes and consequences of the Opposition’s surge. Asia Pacific Bulletin 12: 1-2.

William, R. & Liew-Ann Phang. 2008. Tsu Koon out, Guan Eng in. The Sun, 9 March: 4.

Wong Chun Wai. 2008. Winds of change sweep M’sia. The Star, 9 March: N12.

Wong Chun Wai. 2008b. Waking up to new politics. The Star, 10 March: N14.

Wong Chun Wai. 2008c. Denial syndrome must end. The Star, 14 March: N16.

Yeoh, Onn. 2008. Tipping Points: Viewpoints on the Reasons for and Impact of the March 8 Election Earthquake. Petaling Jaya: The Edge Communications Sdn. Bhd.

Yeoh, Onn. 2008b. The Changing Media Landscape. In March 8: The Day Malaysia Woke Up. Kee Thuan Chye

(ed.). Shah Alam: Marshall Cavendish Editions.

Yeow, D. 2008. New faces cause of defeat, say MCA veterans. New Straits Times, 11 March: 10.

Zaharom Nain. 2008. Long Way From Media Reform. In March 8: The Day Malaysia Woke Up. Kee Thuan Chye (ed.), 259–261. Shah Alam: Marshall Cavendish Editions.

Zainal Aznam Yusof. 2008. Taking baby steps into uncharted territory. New Straits Times, 15 March: 24.

Zainon Ahmad. 2008. UMNO must take the blame. The Sun, 14 March: 8.

Zainon Ahmad. 2008b. It was the people’s anger that did it. The Sun, 10 March: 3.

Zubaidah Abu Bakar. 2008. BN pays for Kelantan bickering. New Sunday Times, 9 March: 18.


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


ISSN: 0126-5008

eISSN: 0126-8694