Transisi penting sistem berkerajaan di Alam Melayu: kes Malaysia (Major Transitions in the Government System of the Malay World: The Case of Malaysia)

Azmi Aziz (Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, abaz@ukm.my), Mostafa Kamal Mokhtar (Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, mostafa@ukm.my)

Abstract


There are three major eras in the history of the Malay world. These are the precolonial, colonial and postcolonial eras. Each era has its own uniqueness in framing the socio-political life in the Malay world. To understand the socio-political life during the different eras, a conceptual analytical tool is needed. This article uses a conceptual analysis tool known as knowledge baseline to understand the reasons behind the different patterns of socio-political life for each era of the Malay world. Knowledge baseline refers to the various major knowledge corpus that frame the socio-political life for that era. For example, the pre-colonial socio-political Malay world was framed by religious knowledge as its primary knowledge and the system of government during that era was an integration between State and religion. During the colonial era there was a clear demarcation between religion and State. That was the time when religion was separated from the state and the administrative system was based on secular modern science. The transition between different knowledge backgrounds occured again during the postcolonial era when there was an uneven coalescent between religion and secular modern science. This article explicates the transitions in the background knowledge that permeated the Malay world during the precolonial, colonial and post colonial periods using Malaysia as a case in point.

Keywords: Malay world, government system, religion, state, knowledge baseline

ABSTRAK

Terdapat tiga zaman penting atau garis waktu dalam perjalanan sejarah Alam Melayu, iaitu zaman prakolononial, kolonial dan pascakolonial. Ketiga-tiga zaman tersebut mempunyai pelbagai keistimewaan masing-masing yang telah mencorakkan kehidupan sosiopolitik Alam Melayu. Untuk memahami corak kehidupan sosio-politik pada setiap zaman tersebut suatu alat analisis yang bersifat konseptual diperlukan. Makalah ini menggunakan alat analisis konseptual yang dikenali sebagai knowledge baseline untuk memahami apakah asas terjadinya pembentukan corak kehidupan sosiopolitik yang berbeza untuk setiap zaman yang telah dilalui oleh Alam Melayu. Knowledge baseline bermaksud jenis-jenis ilmu yang utama yang melatarbelakangi kehidupan sosiopolitik masyarakat pada suatu zaman tertentu. Sebagai contoh, kehidupan sosiopolitik Alam Melayu prakolonial dicorak oleh ilmu agama sebagai ilmu utama. Sistem berkerajaan pada zaman itu merupakan sistem berkerajaan yang bersepadu antara agama dan negara. Manakala pada zaman kolonial pula telah berlaku pemisahan antara agama dan negara. Pada waktu itu agama dipisahkan daripada negara yang sistem pentadbiran kerajaan dilaksanakan berdasarkan ilmu sains moden sekular. Latar belakang ilmu untuk pentadbiran kerajaan itu kemudiannya bertukar lagi pada zaman pascakolonial apabila bauran yang tidak sama rata berlaku antara sains moden sekular dan agama. Makalah ini menghuraikan perbezaan latar belakang ilmu-ilmu yang terdapat dalam garis waktu Alam Melayu pada zaman prakolonial, kolonial dan pascakolonial yang telah mewujudkan corak yang berbeza-beza dalam sistem berkerajaan tersebut dan yang memperlihatkan berlakunya transisi sistem yang penting dalam sistem berkerajaan di rantau Alam Melayu. Makalah ini memberikan tumpuan khusus kepada perjalanan sejarah sosiopolitik negara bangsa Malaysia sebagai kes perbincangan

Kata kunci: Alam Melayu, sistem berkerajaan, agama, negara, knowledge baseline


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