Model Perkembangan Undang-Undang Buruh Australia: Panduan untuk Malaysia (Development Model of Australian Employment Law: Lesson for Malaysia)

Nazruzila Razniza Mohd Nadzri, Kamal Halili Hassan

Abstract


Salah satu matlamat pembangunan mampan (Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)) yang digariskan oleh Pertubuhan Bangsa-bangsa Bersatu ialah berkaitan dengan keperluan kepada pekerjaan yang berkualiti atau harmoni bagi merangsang pertumbuhan ekonomi. Memandangkan pekerjaan bukan standard telah menjadi suatu kelas perhubungan majikan-pekerja yang kian popular, kepentingan kumpulan pekerja yang terlibat perlu dilindungi sewajarnya. Pekerjaan bukan standard bukanlah kelas perhubungan majikan-pekerja yang baru di dalam konteks undang-undang buruh dan sumber manusia kerana telah menjadi topik kajian oleh ramai penyelidik di Eropah terutamanya seawal 1980an. Antara sifat-sifat signifikan pekerjaan bukan standard adalah seperti tempoh hubungan pekerjaan yang terbatas, jawatan tidak tetap atau sementara, status separa masa atau kasual dan juga aturan kerja yang fleksibel. Bagi negara seperti Australia, selari dengan perkembangan pesat bentuk pekerjaan bukan standard, undang-undang pekerjaan juga mengalami perubahan yang konsisten supaya menepati keperluan kumpulan pekerja sebegini. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk meninjau transformasi undang-undang pekerjaan di Australia secara umum dan meneliti secara khusus isu undang-undang yang berkaitan dengan kepentingan pekerja bukan standard. Mengambil kira kerangka undang-undang pekerjaan Australia dalam tempoh empat dekad terakhir bermula 1990an hingga masa kini, literatur yang berkaitan akan dikaji. Penulis juga meninjau latar belakang perkembangan pekerjaan bukan standard di dalam industri pekerjaan di Australia dan akhir sekali, menawarkan secara ringkas aspek-aspek yang boleh dipertimbangkan dan diteladani oleh sistem undang-undang pekerjaan Malaysia dalam merangka penambahbaikannya pada masa akan datang.

 

Kata kunci: Pekerjaan bukan standard; undang-undang pekerjaan; hubungan majikan-pekerja; kerja harmoni; perlindungan pekerja

 

Abstract 

 

Decent work as a tool to stimulate economic growth is one of the sustainable development goals (SDGs) that sets by the United Nations. Taking into account that the non-standard employment is increasingly popular, the interest of the workers in this employment class must be equally protected. In the context of either employment law or human resource dimension, non-standard employment is not at all new because the issue has been commonly debated in many literatures since 1980s. Among the key features of non-standard employment are specified duration of service, non-permanent or temporary position, part-time or full-time status of job and flexible work arrangement. The scenario in Australia has shown that in parallel to the rapid popularity of non-standard employment, their labour law regimes also have been through all the necessary changes so that the laws adequately addressed the needs of these segments of workers. This article aims at reviewing the transformation of Australian labour law in general and at the same time, exploring some legal issues that have been debated for the interest of the non-standard workers. The author examines the framework of labor law ranging from 1990s to date by reviewing existing literature. In addition, the development of non-standard workers in Australia job industry will be looked into. Finally, the author outlines some aspects throughout the process of transformation of the Australian employment law that can be carefully considered and learned in our process of transforming the Malaysian employment law into a better set of law in future.

 

Keywords: Non-standard employment; employment law; employment relationship; decent work; employee’s  protection



Full Text:

PDF

References


Allan, C, Brosnan, P, Horwitz, F & Walsh, P. 2001. From standard to non-standard employment. International Journal of Manpower 22 (8): 748 – 763

Arne, LK. 2000. Nonstandard Employment Relations: Part-time, Temporary and Contract Work. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 26:341-365.

Australian Council of Trade Union Unions (ACTU). 2011. The Future of Work in Australia: Dealing with Insecurity and Risk. Working Australia Paper 13/2011. Melbourne: Australian Council of Trade Unions. https://www.actu.org.au/media/125289/Future%20of%20work%20industrial%20options%20paper.pdf. Retrieved on: 10 September 2017.

Burgess, J. & Campbell, I. 1998. Casual Employment in Australia: Growth, Characteristics, A Bridge or a Trap?’. The Economic and Labour Relations Review. 9 (1): 31-54.

Campbell, I. 2004. Casual Work and Casualisation: How Does Australia Compare?. Labour & Industry: A Journal of the Social and Economic Relations of Work 15 (2): 85-111.

Competition and Consumer Act 2010.

Conciliation and Arbitration Act 1904.

Dawkins, P. & Norris, K. 1990. Casual Employment in Australia. Australian Bulletin of Labour. 16: 156-173.

Dharam G. 2003. Decent Work: Concept and indicators. International Labour Review. 142 (2): 113-145.

Fair Work Commission. 2015. Australian Workplace Relations Study (AWRS) First Findings Report 29 January. https://www.fwc.gov.au/resources/research/australian-workplace-relations-study/first-findings-report. Retrieved on: 12 October 2017.

Fair Work (State Referral and Consequential and Other Amendments) Act 2009.

Fair Work Amendment (State Referrals and Other Measures) Act 2009.

Fair Work Amendment (Protecting Vulnerable Workers) Act 2017.

Fair Work Ombudsman. 2017. Media release. 25 July. https://www.fairwork.gov.au/about-us/news-and-media-releases/2017-media-releases/july-2017/20170725-js-top-penalty. Retrieved on: 3 October 2017.

Fudge, J. 2006. Precarious Employment in Australia and Canada: The Road to Labour Law Reform. Australian Journal of Labour Law. 19: 105-125.

Gunther, S. 2010. Non-standard employment and labour force participation: A comparative view of the recent development in Europe. Discussion paper series // Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit. http://ftp.iza.org/dp5087.pdf. Retrieved on: 11 October 2017.

Herdy, T. 2016. Who should be held liable for workplace contraventions and on what basis?. Australian Journal of Labour Law. 28 (1): 78-102.

Independent Contractors Act 2006.

International Labour Organization (ILO). 2015. Decent Work. http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/decent-work/lang--en/index.htm. Retrieved on: 12 August 2017.

International Labour Conference. 1999. Report of the Director General: Decent Work. International Labour Organization, 8 June. http://www.ilo.org/public/english/standards/relm/ilc/ilc87/rep-i.htm#Major%20social%20protection%20issues. Retrieved on: 8 October 2017.

International Labour Organization (ILO). 2016. Working with The ILO – Decent Work and System Wide Coherence. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---arabstates/---ro-beirut/documents/genericdocument/wcms_210643.pdf. Retrieved on: 5 October 2017.

Katherine Van Wezel, S. 2013. The Decline in the Standard Employment Contract: Evidence from Ten Advanced Industrial Countries. Law-Econ Research Paper. No. 12-19. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2181082. Retrieved on: 9 October 2017.

Munro, P. 2008. No-disadvantage test – new agreements. Workplace Info. http://workplaceinfo.com.au/awards/agreements/analysis/no-disadvantage-test-new-agreements#.WdBD4dFJw2x. Retrieved on: 10 October 2017.

Nii Lante W. B. Non- Standard and Precarious Employment: A New Dawn. 1997. Newcastle Law Review. 2 (1): 44-55.

Noor Rahamah Hj Abu Bakar. 2013. Masa Kerja Fleksibel dalam Sektor Formal di Bandar: Mengimbangi Kerjaya dan Tanggungjawab Keluarga. Akademika 83 (1): 77-80.

Nur Saadah Mohamad Aun & Rusyda Helma Mohd. 2016. Informal Caregiving: Empowering Social Support Programs by Employers. Akademika 86 (1): 3-9.

O’Donnell, A. 2004. ‘Non-Standard’ Workers in Australia: Counts and Controversies. Australian Journal of Labour Law. 17: 1-28.

Productivity Commission. 2015. Workplace Relations Framework: Other Workplace Relations Issues. Issue Paper 5. Productivity Commission.

Rawling, M. 2015. Regulating Precarious Work in Australia: A Preliminary Assessment. Alternative L.J. 40: 252-256.

Stewart, A. 2011. Stewart’s Guide to Employment Law. Vol. 3. Sydney: The Federation Press.

Thompson, C. 2003. The Changing Nature of Employment. Industrial Law Journal 24 (Juta) 1793-1815.

Tweedie, D. 2013. Precarious Work and Australia Labour Norms. The Economic and Labour Relations Review. 24 (3): 297-314.

United Nations (UN). 2016. Goal 8 Sustainable Development Growths. http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/8_Why-it-Matters_Goal-8_EconomicGrowth. Retrieved on: 16 September 2017.

United Nations (UN). Decent Work and Economic Growth. http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/economic-growth/. Retrieved on: 8 October 2017.

Walton, M. J. 2016. The Shifting Nature of Work and Its Implication. Industrial Law Journal. 45 (2): 111-130.

Workplace Relations Act 1996.

Workplace Relations Amendment (Work Choices) Act 2005.

Zulkifly Osman dan Hazrul Izuan Shahiri. 2014. Pekerja Terancam Berdasarkan Piawai Minimum Pemburuhan Malaysia. Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia 48 (1): 13-21.


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


ISSN: 0126-5008

eISSN: 0126-8694