Penggunaan Hasil Pemikiran Sistem dalam Perancangan: daripada Paradigma Sistem Keras kepada Paradigma Sistem Lembut

HASMIAH KASIMIN (Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, miah@ukm.my)

Abstract


The use of systems concept and theory to improve planning practice is well accepted in the literature (Mc Loughlin, 1969; Chadwick. 1970; Faludi, 1973). The concept is based on hard systems paradigm and traditionally it was viewed as a new approach in planning. But Experiences in using this approach has thrown some doubts on its usefulness and suitability (Mc Dougall, 1973; Hoos, 1972; Gunasilan, 1981). This paper argues that the USE of systems concept and theory in planning process can be enhanced by incooperating paradigm of soft systems (Checkland. 1981). The soft systems approach is useful not only in assisting towards effective planning process but also provide framework for understanding the subject matter relating to the process.

ABSTRAK

Secara prinsipnya teori sistem dikatakan dapat memperbaiki teori dan amalan perancangan (McLoughlin 1969; Chadwick 1970; Faludi 1973). Teori sistem yang digunakan adalah mengikut paradigma sistem keras. Berikutan dari beberapa pengalaman, penggunaan teori sistem dalam perancangan seperti itu telah dikritik dan diragui dari segi keberkesanan dan kesesuaiannya (McDougall 1973; Hoos 1972; Gunasilan 1981). Sumbangan pendekatan sistem lebih dipandang sebagai kaedah analisis terkini yang perlu digunakan untuk mengikut perkembangan terbaru pada masa itu. Begitupun kertas ini membahaskan bahawa sumbangan teori sistem boleh diperluaskan untuk memajukan perlaksanaan sesuatu proses perancangan. Peranan ini dapat dicapai jika penggunaan teori sistem dalam perancangan mengambilkira paradigma sistem lembut (Checkland 1981). Paradigma sistem lembut akan memperluaskan penggunaan teori sistem bukan sahaja ke atas fenomena yang hendak dirancang seperti yang diamalkan sekarang, tetapi juga ke atas proses perancangan.


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References


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