Hubungan Faktor Psikososial Pekerjaan terhadap Penglibatan Kerja dalam Kalangan Penjawat Awam (Relationship between Job Psychosocial Factors and Work Engagement among Public Service Officers)
Abstract
Pekerja yang mempunyai penglibatan kerja melihat diri mereka sebagai mampu berdepan dengan tuntutan pekerjaan yang pelbagai. Mereka mempunyai emosi positif yang dapat membantu mereka mencari idea baru, menangani beban kerja yang tinggi dan tekanan yang seterusnya boleh menghasilkan prestasi kerja yang tinggi. Sehubungan itu, kajian ini bertujuan meneliti hubungan antara faktor pekerjaan iaitu kawalan pekerjaan, tuntutan pekerjaan, sokongan sosial dan ketidakjaminan pekerjaan dengan penglibatan kerja. Kajian ini menggunakan reka bentuk kajian rentas dengan melibatkan sampel kajian seramai 663 orang penjawat awam dari enam kementerian di Putrajaya. Alat kajian yang digunakan ialah Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ) untuk mengukur kawalan pekerjaan, tuntutan pekerjaan dan sokongan sosial, Job Insecurity Scale (JIS) untuk mengukur ketidakjaminan pekerjaan dan The Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES) untuk mengukur penglibatan kerja. Keputusan kajian mendapati terdapat hubungan signifikan antara kawalan pekerjaan, sokongan sosial dan ketidakjaminan pekerjaan dengan penglibatan kerja tetapi tiada hubungan antara tuntutan pekerjaan dan penglibatan kerja diperolehi. Kawalan pekerjaan, sokongan sosial dan ketidakjaminan pekerjaan juga merupakan peramal yang signifikan yang menyumbang sebanyak 19% varians terhadap penglibatan kerja. Dapatan ini memberi implikasi bahawa penjawat awam yang mempunyai kawalan pekerjaan, sokongan sosial dan jaminan pekerjaan lebih bermotivasi untuk mencapai matlamat organisasi kerana mereka akan sentiasa bersemangat, berdedikasi dan khusyuk dalam meraih matlamat tersebut. Ciri-ciri ini menjadikan penjawat awam dapat memberikan perkhidmatan terbaik kepada masyarakat dengan cekap dan berkesan. Kajian ini diharap dapat memberi pencerahan tentang hubungan antara faktor pekerjaan dan penglibatan dalam konteks perkhidmatan awam di Malaysia.
Kata kunci: Kawalan pekerjaan; tuntutan pekerjaan; sokongan sosia; ketidakjaminan pekerjaan; penglibatan kerja
Abstract
Employees with work engagement are able to handle various job demands. They have positive emotions that can help them seek new ideas, handle high workload and stress and consequently have high performance. This study aimed to examine the relationship between occupational factors which are job control, job demands, social support and job insecurity on work engagement. This study employed a cross sectional design with respondents comprising of 663 public service officers from six ministries in Putrajaya. The data were gathered from a set of questionnaire adapted and translated from earlier studies namely the Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ) to measure job control, job demand and social support, Job Insecurity Scale (JIS) to measure job insecurity and Utrecht Work Engagement (UWES) to measure work engagement. Results showed that there were significant correlations between job control, social support and job insecurity with work engagement but there was no significant correlation between job demand and work engagement. Job control, social support and job insecurity were significant predictors which contributed 19% variance towards work engagement. The findings give implication that public service officers with job control, social support and job security are more motivated to achieve organisational goals due to their vigor, dedication and absorption to achieve those goals. These characteristics enable them to provide the best service to the society effectively and efficiently. It is hoped that this study can give understanding on the relationship between occupational factors and work engagement in the context of public service in Malaysia.
Keywords: Job control; job demand; social support; job insecurity; work engagement
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Altunel, M. C., Kocak, O. E., & Cankir, B. 2015. The effect of job resources on work engagement: A study on academicians in Turkey. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 15(2), 409-417.
Andrew, O. C., & Sofian, S. 2012. Individual factors and work outcomes of employee engagement. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 40, 498-508.
Asfaw, A. G., & Chang, C. C. 2019. The association between job insecurity and engagement of employees at work. Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health, 34(2), 96-110.
Bailey, C., Madden, A., Alfes, K., Fletcher, L. 2017. The meaning, antecedents and outcomes of employee engagement: A narrative synthesis. International Journal of Management Reviews, 19(1), 31–53.
Bakker, A. B., Schaufeli, W. B., Leiter, M. P., & Taris, T. W. 2008. Work engagement: An emerging concept in occupational health psychology. Work & Stress, 22(3), 187-200.
Brislin, R. W. 1986. The wording and translation of research instruments. In W. J. Lonner & J. W. Berry (Eds.), Field methods in cross-cultural research (Cross-Cultural Research and Methodology Series) (Vol. 8, pp. 137-164). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Christian, M. S., Garza, A. S., & Slaughter, J. E. 2011. Work engagement: A quantitative review and test of its relations with task and contextual performance. Personnel Psychology, 64(1), 89-136.
Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W. B. 2001.The job demands–resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 499–512.
De Witte, H., Vander Elst, T., & De Cuyper, N. 2015. Job insecurity, health and well-being. In Vuori J., Blonk R., Price R. (Eds.). Sustainable working lives: Aligning perspectives on health, safety and well-being. Dordrecht: Springer.
Edimansyah, B. A., Rusli, B. N., Naing, L., & Mazalisah, M. 2006. Reliability and construct validity of the Malay version of the Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 37(2), 412-416.
Freeney, Y., & Fellenz, M. R. 2013. Work engagement, job design and the role of social context at work: Exploring antecedents from a relational perspective. Human Relations, 66(11), 1427-1445.
Gabel-Shemueli, R., Dolan, S., & Ceretti, A. S. 2017. Work conditions and engagement among nurses in Uruguay. Academia Revista Latinoamericana de Administracion, 31(1), 59-71.
Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. 1975. Development of the Job Diagnostic Survey.Journal of Applied Psychology, 60(2), 159-170.
Hobfoll, S. E. 1989. Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513-524.
Jacob, J. I., Bond, J. T., Galinsky, E., & Hill, E. J. 2008. Six critical ingredients in creating an effective workplace. The Psychologist-Manager Journal, 11(1), 141-161.
Karasek, R., Brisson, C., Kawakami, N., Houtman, I., Bongers, P., & Amick, B. 1998. The Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ): An instrument for internationally comparative assessments of psychosocial job characteristics. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 3(4), 322-355.
Knight, C., Patterson, M., & Dawson, J. 2019. Work engagement interventions can be effective: A systematic review. European Journal of Work & Organizational Psychology, 28(3), 348-372.
Li, J., Yang, W., Liu, P., Xu, Z., & Cho, S. I. 2014. Psychometric evaluation of the Chinese (mainland) version of Job Content Questionnaire: A study in university hospitals. Individual Health, 42(2), 260-267.
Luthans, F., & Peterson, S. J. 2002. Employee engagement and manager self-efficacy. Journal of Management Development, 21(5), 376-387.
Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B., & Leiter, M. P. 2001. Job burnout. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 397-422.
Mauno, S., Kinnunen, U., & Ruokolainen, M. 2007. Job demands and resources as antecedents of work engagement: A longitudinal study. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 70(1), 149-171.
MacNeil, M. 1994. Reactions to job insecurity in a declining organization: A longitudinal study. Ph.D. Ohio State University.
Motyka, B. 2018. Employee engagement and performance: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Management and Economics, 54(3), 227-244.
Nahrgang, J. D., Morgeson, F. P., & Hofmann, D. A. 2011. Safety at work: A meta-analytic investigation of the link between job demands, job resources, burnout, engagement and safety outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(1), 71-94.
Noe, R. A., Hollenbeck, J. R., Gerhart, B., & Wright, P. M. 2002. Human resource management: Gaining a competitive advantage. Boston: McGraw-Hill College.
Nur Shazwanie Rosehan & Azlan Abas. 2019. Pencemaran Bunyi Bising Trafik di Bandar Batu Pahat, Johor. Akademika, 89(2), 97-109.
Othman, N., & Nasurdin, A. M. 2013. Social support and work engagement: A study of Malaysian nurses. Journal of Nursing Management, 21(8), 1083-1090.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. 2003. Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879-903.
Rindfleisch, A., Malter, A. J., Ganesan, S., & Moorman, C. 2008. Cross-sectional versus longitudinal survey research: Concepts, findings, and guidelines, Journal of Marketing Research, 45(3), 261–279.
Salanova, M., & Schaufeli, W. B. 2008. A cross-national study of work engagement as a mediator between job resources and proactive behavior. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 19(1), 116-131.
Sameer Ahmed Boset & Adelina Asmawi. 2020. Mediating effect of work motivation on the relationship between competency and professional performance of EFL teachers. Akademika, 90(1), 63-75.
Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., Gonzalez-roma, V., & Bakker, A. 2002. The measurement of engagement and burnout: A two-sample confirmatory factor analytic approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3(1), 71-92.
Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. 2004. Job demands, job resources and their relationship with burnout and engagement: A multi-sample study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(3), 293-315.
Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., & Salanova, M. 2006. The measurement of work engagement with a short questionnaire: A cross-national study. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66(4), 701-716.
Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., & Van Rhenen, W. 2009. How changes in job demands and resources predict burnout, work engagement and sickness absenteeism. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30(7), 893-917.
Siti Fardaniah Abdul Aziz. 2018. Bagaimana organisasi boleh memotivasikan pekerja untuk belajar dalam latihan: Persepsi ahli akademik. Akademika, 88(2), 5-20.
Sora, B., Gonzalez-Morales, M. G., Caballer, A., & Peiro, J. M. 2011. Consequences of job insecurity and the moderator role of occupational group. Spanish Journal of Psychology, 14(2), 820–831.
Sverke, M., Hellgren, J., & Näswall, K. 2002. No security: A meta-analysis and review of job insecurity and its consequences. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 7, 242-264.
van Beek, I., Taris, T. W., & Schaufeli, W. B. 2011. Workaholic and work engaged employees: Dead ringers or worlds apart? Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 16(4), 468-482.
Vander Elst, T., De Witte, H., & De Cuyper, N. 2014. The Job Insecurity Scale: A psychometric evaluation across five European countries. European Journal of Work & Organizational Psychology, 23(3), 364-380.
Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. 2009. Reciprocal relationships between job resources, personal resources and work engagement. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 74(3), 235-244.
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
ISSN: 0126-5008
eISSN: 0126-8694