Hujan Asid dan Implikasinya Terhadap Kesihatan

ZAILINA HASHIM (Universiti Putra Malaysia, zailina@medic.upm.edu.my), SHAIRAH ZAKARIA (Universiti Putra Malaysia), AZMAN ZAINAL ABIDIN (Universiti Putra Malaysia), LIM SZE FOOK (Universiti Putra Malaysia)

Abstract


The study was conducted on rainwater collected in Petaling Jaya areas. The objectives of this study were to determine the pH of the rainwater; as an indicator of the H+ concentration in the atmosphere and to examine the correlation between the pH level and the lead concentration of rainwater. A direct health implications results if rainwater is used as a source of drinking water. A total of 32 composite samples of rainwater were collected weekly throughout the year 1994, for analysis. The concentration of heavy metals were analysed wing inductively- coupled plasma (ICP). The findings showed that the mean of pH level of rainwater at Petaling Jaya areas was low (4.68), indicating the high acidity of rainwater when compared to remote areas of Tanah Rata a (5.37). The acidity of rainwater at Petaling Jaya increased especially after the dry seasons from April to September. The data also showed that the pH was lowest (4.10) after the haze episode when compared to the normal pH of rainwater (5.60). Statistical test showed that there was a negative correlation but of no significance between the concentration of lead and the pH level of rainwater in both areas, Petaling Jaya (r = -0.2544) and Tanah Rata (r = 4.1229).

ABSTRAK

Kajian ini telah dijalankan ke atas sampel air hujan dari kawasan Petaling Jaya. Objektif kajian ini adalah untuk mengkaji keasidan air hujan sebagai indikator kandungan H+ di atmosfera dan mengkaji korelasi di antara pH air hujan dengan kandungan plumbum di dalamnya. Implikasinya terhadap persekitaran dan kesihatan masyarakat secara langsung berpunca sekiranya air hujan dijadikan sebagai sumber air minum. Sebanyak 32 sampel komposit air hujan telah dikumpulkan setiap seminggu sepanjang tahun 1994 untuk dianalisis. Kepekatan plumbum telah diukur dengan menggunakan "inductively-coupled plasma". Hasil dari kajian ini menunjukkan purata keseluruhan pH air hujan di kawasan perindustrian Petaling Jaya adalah rendah (4.68), menggambarkan keasidan hujan yang tinggi berbanding dengan kawasan terpencil seperti Tanah Rata (5.37). Tahap keasidan air hujan ini didapati lebih tinggi selepas musim kering di antara bulan April hingga September 1994. Kajian ini juga menunjukkan bahawa purata paras pH (4.10) air hujan di kawasan Petaling Jaya didapati paling rendah pada bulan Oktober iaitu selepas episod jerebu di Malaysia, jika dibandingkan dengan paras normal (5.60). Hasil dari ujian korelasi menunjukkan terdapat perkaitan yang songsang tetapi tidak signifikan dari segi statistik di antara paras kepekatan plumbum dengan pH air hujan di kawasan perindustrian Petaling Jaya (r = -0.2544) dan kawasan Tanah Rata (r = -0.1129).


Full Text:

PDF

References


Bates, D.V. & Sizto, R. 1989. Research environmental health perspective 79: 69-77.

EPA. 1980. Acid rain. United States: Environmental Protection Agency.

Georgii, H.W.,C., Perseke & Rnhbock E. 1983. Wet and dry deposition of acidic and heavy metal components in Federal Republic of Germany. Acid Deposition: Proceedings of the CEC Workshop organized as part of the Concerted Action Physico-Chemical Behnviour of Atmospheric Pollutants held in Berlin, 9 September 1982, ed. BeiLke, S. & Elshout, A.J. 142-148.

Gerhardsson, L., Oskmson, A. & Skerhring, S. 1994. Acid precipitation-effects on trace elements and human health. Science Total Environ 153: 237-245.

Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). 1993. Air quality management study for Kelang Valley region Final Report Vol. 1 Summary, August 1993.

Matthew, G.K. 1981. Lead in drinking water and health. Leyveld, H.V. and Zoeteman, B.C.J. (ed.) Water Supply and Health: Proceedings of an International Symposium, Noordwijkerhour The Netherlands, 27-28 August 1980. 61-74.

Nordberg, G.E, Coyer, R.A. & Clarkson, T.W. 1985. Impact of effects of acid precipitation on toxicity metals. Environmental Health Perspectives 63: 169.180.

Ronneau, C. & Hallet, J-Ph. 1983. Heavy elements in acid rain. Acid Deposition: Proceedings of the CEC Workshop organized as part of the Concerted Action Physico-Chemical Behaviour of Atmospheric Pollutants held in Berlin, 9 September 1982, ed. Beilke, S. and Elshout, A.J. 149-154.

Roth, P., Blanchad, C., Harte, J., Michaels, H. & El-Ashry, M.T. 1985. The American Wests acid rain test: Research report California: World Resources Institute.

Sham, S. 1982. Pembandaran: Iklim bandar dan pencemaran udara. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.

Spengler, J.D., Brauer, M. & Koutrakis, P. 1990.Acid air and health. Environment Sci Technol. 24 (7) Ter Haar, G.L., Holtzman, R.B. & Lucas, H.E 1967. Lead and lead-210 in rainwater. Nature 216: 353-354.

WHO. 1984. Guidlines for drinking water qualify. Geneva: World Health Organization.

WHO. 1986. Health impact of acidic deposition. Science Total Environ. 52: 157-187.


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


ISSN: 0126-5008

eISSN: 0126-8694