Kredit di Kalangan Wanita Miskin: Projek Amanah Ikhtiar Malaysia

NOR AINI HAJI IDRIS (Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, noraini@ukm.my)

Abstract


Poverty is one of the human development items and the majority of the world poor are women.The gender dimension of poverty thus focuses on the plight of women, the multiple role of women and their role in alleviating poverty. The literature on women and poverty is abound with cases of the plight of women as well as the heavier economic and socio-cultural burden of poverty among women. Women are also known to be discriminated in terms of work access, opportunities and remuneration. Despite these factors, women have a greater sense of responsibility and are more accountable towards sustaining programmes designed to alleviate poverty among the hardcore poor. Credit to them provides an ideal entry point for reaching the poor and one of the best ways to improve their status of poverty and at the same time increase women's empowerment. Using findings drawn from a study on the AIM project, this article analyses two basic issues on poverty; first, to view poverty within gender and human development perspective and second, to evaluate the effectiveness of the micro credit programme under AIM. The paper is of the opinion that poverty reduction among women is consistent with the concept of human development. It is suggested that AIM should continue giving credit to poor women and try to solve problems faced by the 'sahabat' and cost problem faced by AIM itself.

 

 

Key words: women, credit, human development, Amanah Ikhtiar Malaysia

ABSTRAK

Kemiskinan adalah salah satu daripada item pembangunan insan dan sebahagian besar golongan miskin di dunia adalah tergolong daripada wanita. Oleh itu fokus dimensi kemiskinan gender ialah kedaifan wanita, pelbagai peranan yang dimainkan oleh mereka dan juga peranan wanita dalam menghapuskan kemiskinan. Ini digambarkan melalui kajian-kajian lepas yang memberi perhatian khusus kepada beban kemiskinan yang dirasai oleh mereka. Di samping itu wanita juga terpaksa menghadapi pelbagai bentuk diskriminasi dari segi peluang pekerjaan dan peluang untuk memperolehi pendapatan. Dalam menghadapi fenomena begini wanita juga mampu menyertai program-program yang diadakan khusus untuk menghapuskan kemiskinan di kalangan golongan termiskin. Kredit yang diberi kepada mereka dikatakan sebagai salah satu cara terbaik untuk membaiki status kemiskinan di kalangan wanita dan sekaligus dapat meningkatkan keupayaan wanita. Dengan menggunakan penemuan daripada kajian ke atas Amanah Ikhtiar Malaysia (AIM), artikel ini menganalisis dua isu utama; pertama, melihat isu kemiskinan daripada perspektif gender dan pembangunan insan dan kedua, menilai sejauh mana projek mikro kredit di bawah program AIM dapat membantu wanita membaiki status kemiskinan mereka. Penulis berpendapat penghapusan kemiskinan di kalangan wanita adalah sejajar dengan objektif pembangunan insan yang menekankan aspek 'empowerment' wanita. Dalam hal ini AIM telah berjaya mencapai objektifnya dan mencadangkan supaya projek AIM perlu diteruskan di samping mengatasi malah-masalah yang dihadapi oleh peserta atau 'sahabat' dan masalah dari segi kos pengurusan.

Kata kunci: Wanita, kredit, pembangunan insan, Amanah Ikhtiar Malaysia


Full Text:

PDF

References


Beneria, L. & Feldman, S. 1992. Unequal burden Economic crises, persistent poverty and women's work. Boulder: Westview Press.

Chamhuri Siwar. 1994. Poverty profile in Malaysia: Findings from ten districts in Peninsular Malaysia. Dlm. Jamilah Ariffin, Poverty amidst plenty. Pelanduk Publication: Petaling Jaya, Selangor.

Dreze, J. & Sen, A. 1989. Hunger and public action. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Gibbons D.S. & Sukor Kasim. 1990. Banking on the Rural Poor. Amanah IKHTIAR Malaysia: Centre for Policy Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang.

Heyzer, N. 1994. Increasing women's access to credit in Asia: Achievements and limitations. Dlm. Noeleen Heyzer & Gita Sen (ed), Gender: economic growth and poverty. Kuala Lumpur: Asian and Pacific Development Centre.

Husna Sulaiman & Napsiah Mahfoz. 1994. Women and poverty in the agricultural sector. Dlm. Jamilah Ariffin, Poverty amidst plenty. Petaling Jaya: Pelanduk Publication.

Ishak Shari. 1994. Rural Development and rural poverty in Malaysia: The experience during the new economic policy (1971-1990) period. Dlm. Jamilah Ariffin, Poverty amidst plenty. Petaling Jaya: Pelanduk Publication.

Jameiyah Mohd. Jadi. 1991. Amanah Ikhtiar Malaysia: Seeking financial viability toward institutionalization. Kertas kerja dibentangkan di Regional Workshop on Grameen, IDS, 25-28 Ogos. Kuala Lumpur.

Jamilah Ariffin. 1994. Poverty amidst plenty. Petaling Jaya: Pelanduk Publication.

Jamilah Ariffin. 1994. Women, development and poverty: Globalised issues and empirical finding's relevant to studying poor women in Malaysia. Dlm. Jamilah Ariffm, Poverty amidst plenty. Petaling Jaya: Pelanduk Publication.

Jariah Mas'ud. 1996. Women and poverty: An evaluation. Kertas kerja dibentangkan di Seminar on Women Issue, Oktober, Kuala Lumpur.

Kalpana Bardhan. 1993. Women and rural poverty: Some Asian cases. Dlm. M.G. Quibria, Rural poverty in Asia: Priority issues and policy options. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.

Kohinoor Begum 1989. Participation of rural women in income-earning activities: A case study of a Bangladesh village. Women's studies int. forum, 12(5):519-528.

Madeline Berma dan Faridah Shahadan. 1994. Poverty, household status and women in the informal sector: A structural analysis. Dlm. Jamilah Ariffm, Poverty amidst plenty. Petaling Jaya: Pelanduk Publication.

Mahbub ul Haq. 1995. Reflections on human development. New York: Oxford University Press.

Malaysia. 1996. Rancangan Malaysia Ketujuh, 1996-2000. Kuala Lumpur: Jabatan Percetakan Negara.

Mohd. Anuar Md. Amin 1996. Kajian sosio-ekonomi rakyat miskin di negeri Terengganu, 1994: Ringkasan Eksekutif. Laporan disediakan untuk Unit Perancangan Ekonomi Negeri Terengganu.

Nor Aini Hj. Idris. 1994. Women in the small market place - A case study of women small-scale traders in Kelantan. Dlm. Jamilah Ariffin, Readings on women and development in Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Population Studies Unit.

Nor Aini Haji Idris & Rahmah Ismail. 1997. Pembangunan dan isu gender di Malaysia. Monograf Jabatan Ekonomi Pembangunan, April, Siri 9.

Ruth Pearson. 1992. Gender matters in development. Dlm. Tim Allen & Alan Thomas (pnyt.), Poverty and development in the 1990s. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Scott, Catherine V. 1995. Gender and development Rethinking modernization and dependency theory: Colorado: Lyenne Reinner Publishers.

Sukor Kassim. 1993. Women in the informal sector: The Amanah Ikhtiar experience. Kertas kerja dibentangkan di First ISIS, National Conference on Women, Kuala Lumpur, 7-8 Mei.

Susan Oorjitham, K.S. 1994. Women and poverty in the estate sector in Peninsular Malaysia Dlm. Jamilah Ariffin, Poverty amidst plenty. Petaling Jaya: Pelanduk Publication.

Todaro, M.P. 1997. Economic development (Edisi Keenam). London: Longman.

Townsend, Janet. 1993. Gender studies: Whose agenda? Dlm. Frans J. Schuurman (ed.), Beyond the impasse: New direction in development theory. London &New Jersey: Zed. Books.

UNDP. 1997. Human development report. New York Oxford University Press.

World Bank. 1990. Poveny: World development report. New York: Oxford University Press.


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


ISSN: 0126-5008

eISSN: 0126-8694