Laluan ke Arah Pembandaran di Malaysia

ABDUL SAMAD HADI (Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, asamad@ukm.my)

Abstract


Geographical enquiries into economic growth, social development and their impacts on society require perspectives relevant to local conditions to obtain a meaningful understanding of the observed phenomenon. Thisperspective is necessary given the broadening of the conception of space from geographic to include the social as well as cyberspace. It is in this context of spatial change that rural-to-urban migration is reviewed. During the formative periods of urban development in Malaysia, urbanisation was under the ageis of British  colonialism. Rural to urban migration involving the Malays was small, with limited occupational opportunities opened to them, thus resulting in limited urban experience. The urban experience of rural migrants broadened somewhat after independence, more so afer the impelementation of the New Economic Policy, which has brought widespread and deep changes to the Malaysian society especially Malays. Rural migrants could participate in a wider range ofjobs and also at different levels in the ocupational hierarchy. In more recent times, with the development of globalisation and the Internet, cyber space may produce new forms of urban experiences through surfing such space, without necessarily necessitating spatial relocations. With these developments, it is necessary for geographical enquiries to examine internal migration in the context of the globalisation process and internal migration in its own embedded mobility.

Key words: rural-urban migrants, urbanisation, geographic space, social space, cyber space

ABSTRAK

Penelitian geografi tentang pertumbuhan ekonomi, pembangunan serta kesannya terhadap masyarakat memerlukan pendekatan yang lebih secocok dengan keadaan setempat bagi mendapatkan kefahaman mendalam tentang perkara itu. Hal ini seiring dengan pengkonsepsian ruang yang telah berkembang meluas daripada ruang geografi yang menjangkau ke ruang sosial dan ruang siber. Migrasi dari desa ke bandar seharusnya diteliti dalam konteks perubahan ruang ini. Struktur dalaman bandar ketika pembentukan bandar di Malaysia masa dahulu berkembang melalui proses kolonialisme Inggeris yang melibatkan migrasi dari desa ke bandar di kalangan orang Melayu dalam jumlah yang kecil, pekerjaan yang terbuka kepada mereka terbatas manakala pengalaman pembandaran pula terhad. Pengalaman migran di bandar mula meluas sedikit selepas negara merdeka, lebih-lebih lagi sejak pelaksanaan Dasar Ekonomi Baru (DEB). DEB membawa perubahan meluas dan mendalam di kalangan masyarakat Melayu dan Malaysia di mana migran desa boleh mendapatkan pekerjaan dalam pelbagai bidang dan di pelbagai lapisan dalam hirarki pekerjaan bandar. Di samping itu, pada zaman terkini, dengan perkembangan proses globalisasi dan Internet, ruang siber boleh menghasilkan bentuk-bentuk baru pengalaman pembandaran yang tidak memerlukan perubahan tempat tinggal tetapi memadai melunsur ruang siber bagi mengalami pembandaran. Kesemua ini menuntut ilmu geografi memeriksa migrasi dalaman dalam proses globalisasi dan migrasi dalaman dalam mobilitinya sendiri.

Kata kunci: migran desa bandar pembandaran, ruang geografi, ruang sosial, ruang siber

 


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