Penyertaan Sosial dan Indeks Kesejahteraan Sosial Subjektif Kanak-Kanak Miskin di Malaysia (Social Participation and Subjective Social Well-Being Index of Poor Children in Malaysia)

Siti Hajar Abu Bakar Ah, Noralina Omar, Zaiton Azman

Abstract


Setiap kanak-kanak berhak memenuhi keperluan asasi masing-masing. Salah satu daripada keperluan asasi mereka adalah menyertai aktiviti sosial yang berlangsung dalam kehidupan masyarakat. Penyertaan sosial merupakan salah satu daripada domain kesejahteraan subjektif.  Keperluan kepada penyertaan sosial yang dipenuhi menyumbang kepada kesejahteraan hidup kanak-kanak sekaligus mendorong kanak-kanak untuk memberi sumbangan aktif dalam komuniti. Artikel 31, Konvensyen Hak Kanak-kanak (CRC) menyatakan dengan jelas mengenai hak kanak-kanak terhadap penyertaan sosial.  Artikel ini memperihalkan status penyertaan sosial kanak-kanak miskin di Malaysia. Data empirikal diambil daripada Survei Indikator Kanak-kanak 2013-2015 yang melibatkan 200 kanak-kanak Malaysia berusia 9 hingga 17 tahun. Sampel tersebut mewakili 100 keluarga miskin dari bandar dan 100 keluarga miskin dari luar bandar. Dalam kajian ini, penyertaan sosial dinilai berdasarkan sejauh mana responden berpeluang untuk membangun dan mengembangkan potensi diri mereka seoptimum mungkin. Penyertaan sosial diukur dengan menggunakan 34 item yang terbahagi kepada lima komponen iaitu penyertaan secara sendirian, bersama rakan, di sekolah, bersama keluarga dan di dalam komuniti. Dari aspek penyertaan sosial, hasil kajian menunjukkan tahap kesejahteraan subjektif kanak-kanak miskin di Malaysia masih berada pada tahap sederhana.  Dapatan ini merupakan satu input penting dalam sebarang usaha untuk mengubahsuai Dasar Kanak-kanak Negara. Ia juga penting  untuk merancang program intervensi sosial yang berkesan, yang dapat meningkatkan lagi kesejahteraan subjektif kanak-kanak.

Kata kunci: Kesejahteraan subjektif; penyertaan sosial; ekologi sosial; kanak-kanak miskin; Malaysia


Every child is entitled to fulfil his/her basic needs. One of the needs is to participate in social activities.  Social participation or engagement is one of the subjective domains of child wellbeing. The fulfil needs’ of the social participation contribute to well-being of the children thus lead them to give active contribution to the society. Article 31, Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) provides a well-defined explanation of child rights to social participation. This article discusses the status of social participation among poor children in Malaysia.  The empirical data was based on the Child Indicators Survey, 2013-2015 that involved 200 children, age 9 to 17 years old.  The sample represents 100 urban families and 100 rural area families. In the study, social participation is judged based on how the respondents have the opportunity to develop and expand their potential optimumly.  Social participation is measured using 34 items which is divided into five component; individually, with peers, at school, with family and in the community.  In the aspect of social participation, the findings indicate that Malaysian children experience an average level of subjective wellbeing. The result is a valuable input to social initiatives meant for the social policy reform, in particular, the National Child Protection Policy.  It is also of great importance for planning effective social intervention programmes to enhance the quality of lives among our children.

Keywords: Subjective well-being; social participation; social ecology; poor children; Malaysia



Full Text:

PDF

References


Arthur, M.W., Hawkins, J.D., Pollard, J.A., Catalano, R.F., & Baglioni. A.J. 2002. Measuring risk and protective factors for substances use, delinquency, and other adolescent problem behaviors. The Communities that Care Youth Survey. Evaluation Review 26(6): 575-601.

Bastos, M., Fernandes, G. L. & Passos, J. 2004. Child income poverty and child deprivation: an essay on measurement. International Journal of Social Economics 31 (11/12): 1050-1060. doi: 10.1108/03068290410561168

Bradshaw, J., Hoelscher, P. & Richardson, D. 2007. An index of child well-being in the European Union. Social Indicators Research 8: 133-177. doi: 10.1007/s11205-006-9024-z.

Bronfenbrenner, U. 1999. Environments in developmental perspective: theoretical and operational models. In Measuring environment across the life span. Emerging methods and concepts, edited by S. L. Friedman & T. D. Wachs, 3-28. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association Press, 3-28.

Bessell, 2010. Participation in decision making in out-of-home care in Australia: what do young people say? Children and Youth Services Review. doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2010.05.006

Chan, W. Y., Ou, S-R., & Reynolds, A. J. 2014. Adolescent civic engagement and adult outcomes: an examination among rural racial minorities. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 43: 1829-1843. doi: 10.1007/s18964-014-0136-s

Collins, M. & Kay, T. 2014. Sport and Social Exclusion. 2nd Edition. Routledge: New York.

Coombs, R.H. 1969. Social participation, self-concept and interpersonal valuation. Sociometry 32(3): 273-288.

European Union. 2012. Denmark: Combining Work And Family Life Successfully. European platform for inventing in children. Retrieved from http//:www.europa.eu/countries.denmark/index_en.htm Retrieved on: 28 April 2015.

Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics. 2009. America’s Children: Key National Indicators of Well-Being. US Government Printing Office: Washington, DC.

Haslina Hashim & Regina Garai Abdullah. 2009. Penglibatan komuniti dalam program pembangunan luar bandar: kajian kes di Pusat Pertumbuhan Desa Gedong, Sarawak. Akademika 77(Dis): 41-67.

Hietanen, H., Aartsen, M., Kiuru, N., Lyyra, T-M., & Read, S. 2016. Social engagement from childhood to middle age and the effect of childhood socio-economic status on middle age social engagement: results from the National Child Development study. Ageing and Society 36: 482-507 doi:10.1017/S0144686X1400124x

Hirschi, T. 1969. Causes of Delinquency. University of California Press: California.

Levasseur, M., Richard, L., Gauvin, L. & Raymond, E. 2010. Inventory and analysis of definitions of social participation found in the aging literature: proposed taxonomy of social activities. Social Science Medicine 71(12): 2141-2149. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.09.041

Lindstrom, M., Hanson, B.S. & Ostergen P.O. 2001. Socioeconomic differences in leisure time physical activity: the role of social participation and social capital in shaping health related behavior. Social Science and Medicine 52(3): 441-451.

McLaren, J. 2007. Index of Wellbeing for Children in Scotland. http://www.barnardos.org.uk/wellbeing_for_children_in_scotland.pdf Retrieved on: 3 May 2015.

Mindquest Group. 2012. Hongkong leadership program for kids. http://www.mindquestgroup.com/kidlead_leadership_program Retrieved on: 29 April 2015.

National Research Council on Community Program. 2003. Self-Enhancement Program. USA. http://www.npcresearch.com/bestpractices _positive_youth_development Retrieved on: 25 April 2015.

Newland, L.A. 2014. Supportive family context: promoting child well-being and resilience. Early Child Development and Care 184, 9-10: 1336-1346. doi: 10.1080/03004430.2013.875543

Nordfeldt, M. & Larrson, O. S. 2013. Local Welfare In Sweden: Housing, Employment And Child Care. WILCO Publication: Sweden.

The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 2009. Doing Better for Children. Paris: OECD. http://www.oecd.org/ eis/social/childwellbeing Retrieved on: 27 April 2015.

Pathmanathan, R. N. & Siti Hajar Abu Bakar Ah. 2013. Hak Kanak-Kanak dalam Jagaan Institusi Awam. Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit Universiti Malaya.

Pedace, L. 2008. Child Wellbeing in England, Scotland and Wales: Comparisons and Variations. The Family and Parenting Institute: London.

Pollard, E. L. & Lee, P. D. 2003. Child well-being: a systematic review of the literature. Social Indicators Research 61: 59-78.

Siti Hajar Abu Bakar Ah. 2006. Kebajikan Sosial: Aplikasi dalam Perkhidmatan Manusia. Penerbit Universiti Malaya: Kuala Lumpur.

Swords, L. , Greene, S., Boyd, E. & Kerrins, L. 2012. All You Need is Measuring Children’s Perception and Experiences of Deprivation. Child Research Centre, Trinity College: Dublin.

UNICEF. (2009). Hak untuk semua kanak-kanak: panduan media. http://www.unicef.org/malaysia/media-guide-child-rights-malay.pdf Retrieved on: 29 March 2014.

UNICEF. 2013. Child Wellbeing in Rich Countries: A Comparative Overview. Innocenti Report Card, Vol. 11. Florence, Italy: UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre. http://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/rc11_eng.pdf Retrieved on: 29 Mac 2014.

Wright, G., Noble, M., Barnes, H. & Noble, S. 2009. The South African Index of Multiple Deprivation for Children 2007 at Municipality Level. Department of Social Development, Republic of South Africa. September. http://www.casasp.ox.ac.uk/docs/SAIMD%202007%20report%2030%20September%202009.pdf Retrieved on: 29 April 2015.

Zaff, J. K., Boyd, M., Li, Y., Lerner, J. & Lerner. 2010. Active and engaged citizenship: multigroup and longitudinal factorial analysis of an integrated construct of civic engagement. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 39(7): 736-750. doi: 10.1007/s10964-0109541-6


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


ISSN: 0126-5008

eISSN: 0126-8694